The End of Art Essay Example for Free

The End of Art Essay The end of art is not the death of art, but the wholesale elimination of what used to be considered art and its replacement by a new concept: pluralism. When art has exhausted itself and this concept has been brought into the forefront of the consciousness, this awareness signals the end of art. Art is no longer art in the traditional sense (having a manifesto-aesthetically pleasing, etc. ) because the accessibility to art and to create art has allowed the masses to be exposed to it and to manipulate it. As Danto says any â€Å"art† made after Andy Warhol in the 1960s is not attached to any manifesto, and the art that is produced after the end of art is consider pluralism and cultural artifacts. A shift from the artwork itself evoking an emotional response is no longer relevant. The criterion for which art must stand up to be is gone. Simply, essentially philosophy becomes more important than the art itself. As shown by Hegel, â€Å"We have gone beyond just the emotional response to art, our ideas about the art, our judgments about the art is not for creating art again, but understanding the philosophy behind it. As with Modernism which pushed art to its limit, â€Å"The age of Manifestos is what it took to be philosophy into the heart of artistic production†¦discovery of that philosophical truth† (Danto, 30). An example of common manifesto of the college dorm room: The lava lamp, the Salvador Dali poster, the futon, the psychedelic trinkets overall the place individually, but now it has combined separate manifestos into one manifesto together. What the artist has created become less about the physicality of it and about the philosophy and the idea behind it. He takes the idea that there are no more criterion to what makes â€Å"art† art, that anything can be art, and thus the term â€Å"art† becomes meaningless and needs a new term: pluralism. The freedom that anyone can create something and it may possibly be considered pluralism or a cultural artifact has democratized the whole process and eliminated the critics, the middlemen, in the process. The consumer and the creator are brought together, and the critic is left looking for work. What is considered art is determined by a group of individuals who are involved in the arts either academically, critically, an artist, buyers, sellers, etc. Danto believes that art critics decide what is considered art and then art is assigned a worth. I disagree with Danto. The art critic is obsolete because if anything can be â€Å"art† then there is no real authority on what is art (pluralism) in the post historical phase? What self-respecting art critic would stake his or her reputation on say, beanie babies? But people pay thousands of dollars for something that in an earlier age could only be described as art. It is not that people will not make art, but that â€Å"pluralism† cannot be held up against the traditional criteria of the past historical art, as shown, â€Å"Not that art died or that painters stopped painting, but that the history of art, structured narratively, had come to an end† (Danto, 125). The modernism movement in which art shifted from being about making interpretations of the world to a search for internal meaning. â€Å"Artists were no longer concerned to imitate reality, but to give objective expression to the feelings reality elicited in them† (Danto, 65). Hegel’s idea that art had ended was not accepted widely during his time because much more artwork and the furthering of art would continue for some time. The imitation of reality through painting was mastered when we shifted from the mimesis paradigm in which painting reality as accurately as possible was the goal. The camera was the nail in the coffin. (Danto, 25) Realism was out a job. So what do you do when you don’t have a job? Become a philosopher! Modernism reflects the only thing that taking a brush loaded with paint to a canvas had left to do: make a closing statement. Danto’s claim is fitting because there has not been anything new presented in the ‘artworld’, since Warhol’s paintings, but what about technology. Graphic design was innovative, but is it pluralism or technology? Does technology further pluralism or destroy it? What does Danto mean by the master narrative of history, and how does this explain the end of art? The end of a certain narrative of art and of history as discussed by Danto from the 1400s up until the 1960s had â€Å"progressing innovative development, in which it is only possible when art is preserved, to which the artists can compare their own representations and transform his or her on work beyond the art of their predecessors† (Danto, 66). The imitation of life and reality, in painting, was essential to the furthering of the discipline. The categorical story of painting’s progression, and therefore art’s progression, from classical to medieval to romanticism to renaissance to impressionism, and so on exposed in each period (which is only possible because of history) a new innovation, a new way of representing reality and non-realities. With paintings on the caves to the two dimensional arts to the advent of the camera/photograph which culminated the west’s goal to attain perfection or at least represent reality as closely to the actual object of which it was representing. The master narrative which can only be recognized and understood after enough time has passed is Danto’s idea (Hegel) that the story of Western art and the characteristics of that story include aesthetics, beauty, skill and a certain meaning or statement (manifesto) behind it are rendered meaningless. As Danto describes, â€Å"the master narrative of the history of artin the West but by the end not in the West aloneis that there is an era of imitation, followed by an era of ideology, followed by our post-historical era in which, with qualification, anything goes. . . In our narrative, at first only mimesis was art, then several things were art but each tried to extinguish its competitors, and then, finally, it became apparent that there were no stylistic or philosophical constraints. There is no special way works of art have to be. And that is the present and, I should say, the final moment in the master narrative. It is the end of the story(Danto, 47). This story that Danto says has come to an conclusion. The narrative that art should be beautiful or have a struggle or have a certain technique to it no longer applies. Modern art has culminated in its conclusion. This challenged our ideas of painting, instead of painting objects or the external world to painting a surface or idea, â€Å"They were thinking of Robert Ryman’s more or less all-white paintings, or perhaps the aggressive monotonous stripe paintings of the French artist Daniel Buren (Danto, 4). This shows that art (painting) had become completely exhausted externally and all that was left to discover was the internal. The shift in the master narrative for art from realism to abstract (ideas) was essentially depicting the external world to the internal world of the self (or artist). It became about how the artist’s ideas, about emotions and other realities. The master narrative of art has lost its capacity to continue to further art’s progression, it is like the scriptures of the bible, where it is detached and ironic from current times and the individual. What once existed only for the select few is now an egalitarian experiment, thus so no one save the authoritarian longing for the days when he could tyrannically rule over the masses should mourn the end of art. The view that only the select few, the artists, the critics, the buyers, the sellers have reign over the realm of the culturally significant and beautiful ended. 3. How does the development of pop art and music reflect the answers given in previous questions? According to Danto, Pop-art brought about the end of art. Essentially by taking a common object (artifact) or sound or concept that is familiar or well known to people and putting it in a different circumstance thus making it foreign or unfamiliar. Art (pluralism) is stuck in the cyclical loop that just keeps manipulating the familiar making it unfamiliar thus making familiar again. Danto believes that all that is left are the philosophical ideas. This goes back to the idea. The idea is what motivates the art. As with Josef Albers picture, â€Å"Study in Green†, was a new idea at the time, however anybody can do that now. Once something new has been created then it is done and if another creates a similar piece it will not be original art and it will be considered ‘esque’ of the original artist. With the advent of pop art which turns ordinary objects into art, than all things become art rendering the term â€Å"art† meaningless as a term for defining. Warhol said everything can be art; therefore there is beauty in everything. â€Å"The great traditional paradigm of the visual arts had been, in fact, that of mimesis, which served the theoretical purposes of art admirably for several centuries†¦to extirpate competing paradigms (Danto, 29). It was believed that modernism would continue to carry art further. This was not the case. Roy Lichtenstein’s famous comic-book style paintings were not just brute copies, but much detail and intention went into his paintings, however this is the end. One cannot tell the difference between the actual object and the art that it is representing, in which reality and art imploded in on each other. Once Pop-art hit into mainstream through consumerism and once again the idea of taking a popular object and making it unfamiliar. Andy Warhol broke down elitism of high art/low art dichotomy and made it accessible to all. This allowed for more creativity with applying ideas to different mediums. Danto’s idea that we are currently in a state of a cyclical familiarity-unfamiliarity can be shown often times in individual musicians/artists progression, such as Bjork. The progression of Bjork’s pop music in early recordings to currently, with combinations of genres and possibly unclassified types of composition, in which she fuses two or more mechanical instruments together with technology like micro-controllers and turns it into music. However this does not mean that it is unintentional or lacking complex structure. As shown with early electronic music, such as, Xenakis’s â€Å"Chrome† in which he recorded the crackling of a fire in a fireplace, and he was the first to do it. He took something that is common and made it uncommon. Also, it was considered new music because there is no reference point. Unlike music of today where almost everything is piggy-backed on something else it can leave a feeling that music is homogenous. With the term of â€Å"selling-out† it does not just relate to selling to advertisers, or changing the essence of the music, but even getting popular is considered a form of selling out, for one to be artistic one must stay in obscurity. I believe there still is underground music because as long as there is radio and the big wigs determine who is important/big, there will be big acts and small acts. However, it does not seem likely this will last regardless of how many downloaders are sued. We are currently in a story-less moment in history. There are no definitive criteria, no manifesto, and no parameters. We are in an exciting time where anything can be art (pluralism) and anyone can be an artist. We make look back at this time and it will be labeled post-historical, but for now we are in a time of great change in art and thus so in society.

Homes for the Homeless Essay example -- Sociology, Homelessness

Homelessness is a major health issue around the world that needs to be addressed. Many individuals in a community often misinterpret the cause of homelessness. Comments towards homeless people such as â€Å"get a job† or â€Å"go to school† often are used freely by members of soci-ety because they fail to look at the comprehensive of this oppressing issue. Homelessness has a strong link to the determinants of health (DOH), most notably income and social status (Fingfeld, 2010). The article, â€Å"No Funding for Homes for the Homeless† speaks on the issue of homeless-ness within the city of Prince Albert. Furthermore, the article illustrates that homelessness is a community issue not solely an individual issue. Therefore, this paper will discuss the issue of homelessness within Prince Albert and propose a plan of action for the community to see the â€Å"bigger picture† and address this issue utilizing a critical social approach. Homelessness The term homelessness can be used to recognize individuals and families living outdoors, in need of â€Å"core housing,† in emergency hostels, in shelters, and who are precariously being housed (Crowe, 2008). Stats Canada’s 2006 census found that 19,630 people in Canada are being housed in a shelter at any given time (as cited in Stuart et al., 2008). The most common homeless individuals are males aged 35 to 64 with an overrepresentation of Aboriginals (Stats Canada as cited in Stuart et al., 2008; Begin et al. as cited in Stuart et al. 2008). Crowe (2008) explains that homelessness is an emergency in almost all Canadian communities and that a ma-jority of communities are struggling with the same problems including an increasing number of homeless families, shortage of shelter space, concern about the ... ...Haradon, & Phinney, 2008). Therefore, if the government works with programs like the homes for the homeless in the community homeless rates will be de-creased within the city. Conclusion All in all, homelessness is a growing issue and requires social action to overcome the inequities. A nurse has the ability to help decrease inequities in society by working at an indi-vidual, community, and political level. CST can be used as a framework to target the issue and work with the homeless population. Many variables influence homelessness therefore a multi-factorial approach is required to produce a positive outcome. Further, taking into account the determinants of health, the underlying cause of an individual’s homelessness will be determined. Homelessness is an issue that affects the entire community, and should be addressed in a profes-sional manner.

Stress Management Tips for College Students

Stress Management Tips for College StudentsBeing a student can be a very an exciting time – with loads of new friends, clubs, courses and experiences with the new semester, there’s a lot to look forward to and enjoy; however, there can also be a lot of pressures with juggling part-time jobs, assignments and exams and essays. Trying to manage all these things at once can cause students a lot of stress. We believe with appropriate focus and following stress management tips for college students, you can be in much better shape. According to Dr. Forbes, â€Å"Stress occurs when your tension level exceeds your energy level, resulting in an overloaded feeling and as long as our available energy exceeds our tension level, then we’re in an okay state†. Dr. Forbes says. â€Å"But if energy is low and tensions are higher, then that can result in a state of anxiety, depression, and feeling overwhelmed.† David S. Walonick explains in his article that â€Å"short-term stress has served a useful purpose in our survival. Long-term stress, however, involves increasingly higher levels of prolonged and uninterrupted stress. The body adapts to the stress by gradually adjusting its baseline to higher and higher levels.†It might not seem like it when you’re feeling down, but living a more stress free life is possible. If you’re not careful, working too hard and worrying too much can lead to â€Å"burnout† – when everything seems bleak and you have nothing left to give. There are some really easy ways to beat stress effectively. Here are some of the stress management tips for college students:1. Eat a Healthy DietEating fresh fruit and vegetables is really important. Studies have found that juices filled with vitamin C, such as orange or grapefruit juice, are good for your immune system and can help with stress. When you’re busy and tired it can be tempting just to grab another pizza or ready meal, but cooking from scratch can be therapeutic as well as being healthier. Stress Management Tips for College Students2. ExerciseExercising once a week is a proven way to reduce students stress. It helps your body produce endorphins, which make you feel good. Even daily walks of 30 minutes can help reduce stress levels but it’s even better to work out intensively. Even if you don’t feel like it at the time you will feel the benefits afterwards. Joining a sports club could also help with stress as the regular contact with other people should help relieve your stress.3. MeditationIt might sound simple, but sitting quietly for 10 minutes a day can really help with stress levels. If you’ve never tried meditation before, it’s worth a go. Good breathing techniques can put you in a more relaxed state as they send oxygen surging through your bloodstream, helping to calm you down and beat the stress.4. Take a break!Short breaks between working can help you switch off. But longer breaks are important too. How about taking the weekend off to relaxMake time for fun and for yourself even if this means that you have to schedule time away from your work. You’ll hopefully come back to your work feeling fresh.5. Sleep (and sign off Facebook)Sleep is always the best medicine and some people find that small 20-minute naps can help increase productivity. As students we tend to spend too much time on social media sites and answering emails, texts and phone calls. Sociability is fun – but too much of it, and too much computer time, can lead to more stress. Failing to switch off from work because of your electronic gadgets will only make you even more stressed.6. Use our siteDon’t forget that our site is also here to help support you through the pressured times; our essay writing and exam preparation services are designed to relieve you of the stress of preparing an assignment while getting you the highest possible marks. Visit our site to find out more. How do you manage stressShare your tips in the comments section belowTo modify or extend any essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today Stress Management Tips for College Students Stress Management Tips for College StudentsBeing a student can be a very an exciting time – with loads of new friends, clubs, courses and experiences with the new semester, there’s a lot to look forward to and enjoy; however, there can also be a lot of pressures with juggling part-time jobs, assignments and exams and essays. Trying to manage all these things at once can cause students a lot of stress. We believe with appropriate focus and following stress management tips for college students, you can be in much better shape. According to Dr. Forbes, â€Å"Stress occurs when your tension level exceeds your energy level, resulting in an overloaded feeling and as long as our available energy exceeds our tension level, then we’re in an okay state†. Dr. Forbes says. â€Å"But if energy is low and tensions are higher, then that can result in a state of anxiety, depression, and feeling overwhelmed.† David S. Walonick explains in his article that â€Å"short-term stress has served a useful purpose in our survival. Long-term stress, however, involves increasingly higher levels of prolonged and uninterrupted stress. The body adapts to the stress by gradually adjusting its baseline to higher and higher levels.†It might not seem like it when you’re feeling down, but living a more stress free life is possible. If you’re not careful, working too hard and worrying too much can lead to â€Å"burnout† – when everything seems bleak and you have nothing left to give. There are some really easy ways to beat stress effectively. Here are some of the stress management tips for college students:1. Eat a Healthy DietEating fresh fruit and vegetables is really important. Studies have found that juices filled with vitamin C, such as orange or grapefruit juice, are good for your immune system and can help with stress. When you’re busy and tired it can be tempting just to grab another pizza or ready meal, but cooking from scratch can be therapeutic as well as being healthier. Stress Management Tips for College Students2. ExerciseExercising once a week is a proven way to reduce students stress. It helps your body produce endorphins, which make you feel good. Even daily walks of 30 minutes can help reduce stress levels but it’s even better to work out intensively. Even if you don’t feel like it at the time you will feel the benefits afterwards. Joining a sports club could also help with stress as the regular contact with other people should help relieve your stress.3. MeditationIt might sound simple, but sitting quietly for 10 minutes a day can really help with stress levels. If you’ve never tried meditation before, it’s worth a go. Good breathing techniques can put you in a more relaxed state as they send oxygen surging through your bloodstream, helping to calm you down and beat the stress.4. Take a break!Short breaks between working can help you switch off. But longer breaks are important too. How about taking the weekend off to relaxMake time for fun and for yourself even if this means that you have to schedule time away from your work. You’ll hopefully come back to your work feeling fresh.5. Sleep (and sign off Facebook)Sleep is always the best medicine and some people find that small 20-minute naps can help increase productivity. As students we tend to spend too much time on social media sites and answering emails, texts and phone calls. Sociability is fun – but too much of it, and too much computer time, can lead to more stress. Failing to switch off from work because of your electronic gadgets will only make you even more stressed.6. Use our siteDon’t forget that our site is also here to help support you through the pressured times; our essay writing and exam preparation services are designed to relieve you of the stress of preparing an assignment while getting you the highest possible marks. Visit our site to find out more. How do you manage stressShare your tips in the comments section belowTo modify or extend any essay or to get pricing on a custom essay Contact Us Today

Interpersonal Assertiveness - 1121 Words

Paper One: Assertiveness Distinguishing Between Assertive, Aggressive, and Passive Behavior Daniel R. Ames, author of â€Å"In Search of the Right Touch: Interpersonal Assertiveness in Organizational Life† (2008) for Current Directions in Psychological Science, defines assertiveness as: †¦ a spectrum of interpersonal behavior that emerges when two or more parties’ interests or positions are in, or seem to be in, conflict – ranging from avoidance or passivity to accommodation and yielding to firm pursuit of personal objectives to aggression and combativeness. (p. 381) Simply stated, assertion remains a wide-standing range of possible interactions during a moment of misalignment between a minimum of two individuals. Assertion is the avenue through†¦show more content†¦Notwithstanding the benefits of consistency in leadership ethics, character, and reliability, assertion stands apart in that developing a suitably applied range, creates longer term organizational success. Leaders with masterful assertiveness skills create safe environments which allow: self-expression by all levels, confronting issues directly, honesty, and sensitivity (Robbins Hunsaker, 2012, p. 26). â€Å"Assertiveness facilitates more effective interactions because it lessens defensiveness, domination, putting down other people, wishy-washiness, and similar dysfunctional behaviors,† (Robbins Hunsaker, 2012, p. 26). Scott Edinger, author of â€Å"The One Skill All Leaders Should Work On† (2012) for the Harvard Business Review highlights the benefit of balanced assertive leaders as a magnification tool for other strengths (para. 1). Looking beyond the goal of balance, Edinger (2012) argues that more challenges are created through a lack of assertion than too much (para. 2). Namely, individuals that are not inhibited to voice their opinions – right, wrong, or indifferent – are at a minimum understood; whereas silence creates a potential interpretation of alignment. 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